NRTIs work by blocking an enzyme called reverse transcriptase that HIV needs to replicate. By doing so, the virus can be suppressed to undetectable levels, thereby preventing disease progression.
Approved for the treatment of HIV by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2015, Descovy is used in combination with at least one other antiretroviral drug. There are no generic versions of Descovy and no liquid suspensions for children.
In October 2019, the FDA also approved Descovy for use in pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), a preventive strategy used to reduce the risk of infection in people without HIV.
Uses
Descovy is used in combination antiretroviral therapy to treat HIV infection in adults and children who weigh at least 77 pounds (35 kilograms). Because the dose is fixed and cannot be modified, the drug cannot be used by anyone under 77 pounds due to the risk of toxicity.
Descovy can also be used on its own for PrEP in people who weigh at least 55 pounds (25 kilograms) and belong to the following at-risk groups:
Men who have sex with men (MSM) who are in a serodiscordant (mixed-status) relationship, use condoms inconsistently, or have had a sexually transmitted disease within the past six months Heterosexual men and transgender women who are in a serodiscordant relationship, use condoms inconsistently with a partner whose HIV status is unknown, or have had a sexually transmitted disease within the past six months Injecting drug users who share needles or engage in risky sex
At present, Descovy is not approved for PrEP in cisgender women and transgender men due to the lack of these participants in clinical trials. Studies are currently underway to evaluate PrEP in people who engage in receptive vaginal sex.
Before Taking
Descovy can be used in the first-line treatment of HIV or for those who have experienced treatment failure. In either instance, blood tests will be performed to determine whether you have any drug-resistant variants of HIV. Doing so helps select the combination of drugs best able to achieve viral suppression.
Two tests are typically used to “profile” your virus:
Genetic resistance testing: the preferred option; can identify the types and number of mutations that confer resistance to specific antiretroviral drugs Phenotypic testing: typically used with genetic resistance testing after a treatment failure; directly exposes the virus to different antiretroviral drugs to see which work best
Precautions and Contraindications
Even if genetic and phenotypic testing reveals Descovy to be an effective treatment option, there may be certain conditions that contraindicate its use. Chief among them is a prior hypersensitive reaction to emtricitabine or tenofovir in either form.
Descovy may also need to be avoided or used with extreme caution in people with chronic kidney disease. Because the drugs are excreted through the kidneys, they may impair kidney function in those with pre-existing disease.
Descovy should not be used when the estimated creatinine clearance is below 30 milliliters per minute (mL/min). Values of this level indicate severe kidney dysfunction.
Other Combination Antiretroviral Drugs
In addition to Descovy, there are 21 other fixed-dose combination drugs used to treat HIV, 13 of which can be used on their own:
Atripla (efavirenz + FTC + TDF) Biktarvy (bictegravir + FTC + TAF) Cabenuva (cabotegrivir + rilpivirine) Cimduo (FTC + TDF) Combivir (lamivudine + zidovudine) Complera (FTC + rilpivirine + TDF) Delstrigo (doravirine + lamivudine + TDF) Dovato (dolutegravir + lamivudine) Epzicom (abacavir + lamivudine) Evotaz (atazanavir + cobicistat) Genvoya (cobicistat + elvitegravir + FTC + TAF) Juluca (dolutegravir + rilpivirine) Kaletra (lopinavir + ritonavir) Odefsey (emtricitabine + rilpivirine + TAF) Prezcobix (darunavir + cobicistat) Symfi (efavirenz + lamivudine + TDF) Symfi Lo (efavirenz + lamivudine + TDF) Symtuza (cobicistat + darunavir + FTC + TAF) Stribild (elvitegravir + cobicistat + FTC + TDF) Triumeq (abacavir + dolutegravir + lamivudine) Truvada (FTC + TDF)
Dosages
Descovy is manufactured as a blue, rectangular-shaped, film-coated tablet embossed with “GSI” on one side and “225” on the other. Each tablet contains 200 milligrams (mg) of emtricitabine and 25 mg of TAF.
The recommended dose varies by the aims of therapy:
HIV treatment: One tablet daily taken by mouth with or without food in combination with at least one other antiretroviral drugHIV PrEP: One tablet daily taken by mouth with or without food
How to Take and Store
Descovy tablets should be swallowed whole. The tablets should never be chewed, split, or crushed, as this can affect drug absorption.
As with all HIV drugs, it is essential that you take your medication every day without interruption. Poor adherence remains the leading cause of treatment failure.
Descovy can be stored at room temperature, ideally below 86 degrees F (30 degrees C). Keep the pills in their original, light-resistance container along with the silica desiccant packet to prevent moisture damage. Discard any Descovy tablets that have expired.
Side Effects
Although side effects are common with all drugs, newer-generation NRTIs like Descovy offer far fewer than those of the past. Even so, there are rare instances in which Descovy can cause severe and even life-threatening side effects.
Common
The side effects of Descovy tend to be mild and resolve within a week or two as your body adapts to treatment. The most common (by order of frequency) are:
Diarrhea (5 percent of users)Nausea (4 percent of users)Headache (2 percent of users)Stomach upset (2 percent of users)Fatigue (2 percent of users)
In 2020, the DISCOVER trial revealed that TAF could cause high cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia), a side effect not seen with TDF. As such, blood lipid tests should routinely be performed while taking Descovy or any other TAF-based therapy.
In fewer than 1 percent of cases, Descovy may cause a drug allergy. Most cases are mild and do not require the interruption of treatment. Anaphylaxis (a potentially deadly, all-body reaction) is a rare occurrence with Descovy.
Severe
Based on prior experience with emtricitabine and tenofovir, researchers have identified four rare but potentially severe side effects of Descovy to watch out for:
Acute Kidney Failure
Descovy is less impactful on the kidneys than Truvada but can still cause new or worsening kidney impairment in some. On rare occasions, kidney failure may occur (although this tends to be reversible once Descovy is stopped).
Acute kidney impairment is often asymptomatic and may only be detected with routine renal function tests. If symptoms do develop, they may include:
Reduced urine output Excessive fatigue Persistent nausea Shortness of breath Swelling of the lower legs, ankles, or feet Pain or pressure in the chest Irregular heartbeat Confusion
If left untreated, acute kidney failure can lead to seizures, coma, and death.
Bone Density Loss
As with kidney impairment, bone mineral density (BMD) loss is more common with Truvada than with Descovy.
With that said, as many as 10 percent of Descovy users will experience bone loss of greater than 5 perent in the lumbar spine, while 7 percent will experience greater than 7 percent loss in the neck after just 48 weeks of treatment.
While the short-term impact is considered modest in adults, the loss of BMD in children is concerning. This level of bone loss during adolescence can significantly increase the risk of fractures (including spinal and hip fractures) in later adulthood.
Lactic Acidosis
FTC and TAF can both cause the build-up of a waste product known as lactic acid in the bloodstream. People who are obese or have used NRTIs for many years may be at increased risk of developing a serious and potentially life-threatening condition called lactic acidosis.
Symptoms of lactic acidosis include:
NauseaVomitingAbdominal painDiarrheaExtreme fatigueDizziness or lightheadednessMuscle painCold sensations
NRTI-induced lactic acidosis typically occurs anywhere from four to 28 weeks of starting treatment. If symptoms like these develop while taking Descovy, call your healthcare provider immediately.
Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS)
FTC has been known in rare cases to trigger a condition called immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). This occurs when the immune system starts to recover but then suddenly overacts to a latent or asymptomatic opportunistic infection.
The excessive inflammatory response may either “unmask” a previously undiagnosed infection or cause the worsening of a diagnosed one. Tuberculosis, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and pneumocystis pneumonia are opportunistic infections commonly associated with IRIS.
IRIS tends to affect people who start antiretroviral therapy when their immune systems are severely compromised (typically with a CD4 count under 50). People with low CD4 counts should be monitored closely once Descovy is started so that any emerging infection can be spotted and treated immediately.
Warnings and Interactions
Descovy carries a black box warning advising consumers and healthcare professionals of the risk of hepatitis B reactivation upon the discontinuation of FTC or TAF. A black box warning is the highest level of advisement from the FDA.
The discontinuation of FTC or TAF has been known to cause the reactivation of hepatitis symptoms in people co-infected with HIV and hepatitis B. In rare cases, liver failure and permanent liver damage have been known to occur.
Although Descovy is not contraindicated for use in people with liver disease, careful consideration is needed to weigh the benefits and risks of treatment and decide whether other antiretroviral drugs may be more appropriate. People with cirrhosis and advanced liver disease are at greatest risk.
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
FTC and TAF are generally considered safe for use during pregnancy, though there are few well-controlled studies in humans evidencing their long-term safety. If you are pregnant or in your childbearing years, speak with your healthcare provider to fully understand the benefits and risks of treatment.
In the United States, breastfeeding is not recommended for mothers with HIV irrespective of their treatment status, CD4 count, or viral load.
Drug Interactions
There are a number of drugs that can interact with Descovy. Several of these are regulated by the same protein—called P-glycoprotein (P-gp)—that Descovy relies on for transport throughout the body. Competition for P-gp can cause Descovy concentrations to drop, often such that the drug’s effectiveness is compromised.
Descovy should never be used with the following drugs:
Anticonvulsant drugs used to treat seizures, including Dilantin (phenytoin), Tegretol (carbamazepine), Trileptal (oxcarbazepine), and phenobarbital Antimycobacterial drugs used to treat tuberculosis, including Mycobutin (rifabutin), Priftin (rifapentine), and Rifadin (rifampin) St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum), a popular herbal remedy
By contrast, certain antifungal drugs can increase the concentration of Descovy and, with it, the risk of side effects. These include the drugs Nizoral (ketoconazole) and Sporanox (itraconazole).
Care should be taken when using Descovy with other drugs that cause kidney impairment, because the combination can cause acute renal failure. These include:
Antiviral drugs like Valtrex (valacyclovir), Zirgan (ganciclovir), and Zovirax (acyclovir) Aminoglycoside antibiotics such as Gentak (gentamicin), tobramycin, streptomycin, neomycin, and paromomycin Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including Advil (ibuprofen) and Aleve (naproxen), if used in high doses and/or in combination with other NSAIDs
In some cases, your practitioner may be able to overcome an interaction by adjusting the dose or separating doses by several hours. At other times, a drug substitution may be needed.
